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Molybdenum Chemistry and Biochemistry

Molybdenum is the fourth member of the second transition series and is placed with chromium and tungsten in Group 6 of the Periodic Table. In its chemical properties molybdenum resembles tungsten and vanadium, the first member of Group 5, rather than chromium. Chemically molybdenum is versatile, forming compounds in a range of readily interconvertible oxidation states, complexes with many inorganic and organic ligands including physiologically important compounds, binuclear and polynuclear species involving bridging ligands (oxide, hydroxide, sulfide) or direct metal-metal bonds between molybdenum atoms, and compounds in which the molybdenum coordination number ranges from four to eight.

In biological systems molybdenum is an essential constituent of enzymes ,which catalyse redox reactions, e.g. oxidation of aldehydes, xanthine and other purines and reduction of nitrate and molecular nitrogen.  The biochemical importance of molybdenum is due to its ability (a) to provide facile electron-transfer pathways, a consequence of the easy interconvertibility of different oxidation states, (b) to form bonds with nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-donors which are sufficiently strong to permit the existence of stable complexes but also sufficiently labile to permit facile ligand exchange reactions or changes of molybdenum co-ordination number (as when interacting directly with a substrate).

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